{"id":7121,"date":"2008-01-31T14:55:03","date_gmt":"2008-01-31T14:55:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2008\/01\/31\/stevens-and-wil\/"},"modified":"2008-01-31T14:55:03","modified_gmt":"2008-01-31T14:55:03","slug":"stevens-and-wil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2008\/01\/31\/stevens-and-wil\/","title":{"rendered":"Stevens and Williams, "The Footnote, in Theory""},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>

Stevens, Anne H., and Jay Williams. "The Footnote, in Theory."
\nCritical Inquiry<\/i> 32 (Winter 2006): 208-225.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Opening questions: What have readers of Critical Inquiry<\/i> read since
\nthe journal’s inception? How does the range of reading get reflected in
\nthe articles themselves? In the footnotes? And, finally, what
\npatterns can be amplified by fairly simple methods of tallying citation
\nfrequency and then relating the rates of frequency by arbitrarily selected (but
\nconsistent) periods of time? Stevens and Williams work at each of these
\nquestions, and they sketch a fairly compelling "distant reading" of the journal
\n(and object of study), Critical Inquiry<\/i>, since it was first published in
\n1974. Although the presentation of their tallies is not visual in quite
\nthe same way as Moretti’s, they do incorporate three tables: one showing
\ncitation-counts by theorist per five-year period; one showing the top-ten most
\noften cited theorists in each five-year period, and one listing the 95 most
\nfrequently cited theorists over the full life of the journal. <\/p>\n

Their first section focuses on footnoting practices. I gather than in
\nCritical Inquiry<\/i> footnotes serve a double-function as they gather
\nreferences to sources and also fill up with an author’s asides, explanations,
\nand extra-textual elaboration (this is true, as well, for CCC<\/i> before
\n1987, with the exception of one or two articles). It’s clear that Stevens and
\nWilliams worked with footnotes, not with works cited listings or some other list
\nof references from the end of each article. They are also clear about the
\nscope of their project. The insights their work produces are limited to
\nthe journal, a journal, they note, "is notoriously difficult…to define" (209). <\/p>\n

After discussing some of the ways footnotes operate as a space for
\nintensities and passions to play out or for choices to be defended they
\ngradually incorporate some of the tallies and, with those, a few of the
\ncomplicating factors, like self-citation and the matter of 137 articles in the
\nhistory of CI<\/i> not using footnotes at all (no telling how big this is
\nrelative to the entire sample). The bulk of the data-mining took place among a
\nteam of four researchers–Stevens and Williams included–in 2004. They
\nparsed the footnotes, recording a theorist-reference each time a name appeared
\nin footnotes in association with a unique work in a given article. Repeat
\nreferences in a single article were not counted as multiple occurrences (212).
\nThey also explain their reasons for not simply involving a library database,
\nsuch as Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI): the collection is too limited
\nand wouldn’t provide them with the exhaustive account they sought. And it was
\neasier, they note, simply to use the paper copies of the journal (218).<\/p>\n

Stevens and Williams discovered that not only has the number of footnotes in
\nCI increased over the past fifteen years, but that the length of footnotes has,
\non average, doubled: "Our study in fact shows that not only have footnotes grown
\nin length but that nearly half of the footnotes we counted appeared in only the
\nlast ten years" (220). Are there academic journals for which this has
\nnot<\/i> happened? <\/p>\n

Further Considerations<\/p>\n

    \n
  • They include the paragraph from CI<\/i> about how the journal
    \n\tcharacterize itself? (formal statements) (209)<\/li>\n
  • Why settle on 95 theorists? What explains this choice? Also,
    \n\twhat is at stake in keeping regular collaborators as pairs, especially when
    \n\tsome of them also have individual works? S&W keep together Gilbert and
    \n\tGubert, Hardt and Negri, Marx and Engels, and others. But how was an
    \n\tindividual reference to Hardt, let’s say, taken into account with the
    \n\tco-authored publications?<\/li>\n
  • Their larger list of 147 theorists is selective (not organic or
    \n\tcomprehensive): "We selected seminal figures from the major fields we
    \n\tpublish, particularly literary criticism, art history, philosophy,
    \n\tpsychoanalysis, and social theory" (212).<\/li>\n
  • They discuss the unevenness of footnotes or the degree to which they are
    \n\tdeployed unsystematically and, in some ways, according to one’s style and
    \n\tpreference.<\/li>\n
  • Does casual citation or commonplace reference (i.e., mention that does
    \n\tnot warrant full bibliographic citation) become more likely as authors are
    \n\tmore confident about their own knowledge? Or more knowledgeable about
    \n\ttheir audiences? Is this a symptom of a close-knit group of
    \n\tcontributors and readers or is it suggestive of some other, larger forces?<\/li>\n
  • "It might be argued that these constants, this theoretical canon, are
    \n\tevidence of a closed shop, so to speak, that the journal only reproduces
    \n\titself, privileging articles that cite the ‘right’ theorists. Just as
    \n\ta healthy journal depends on a stable of authors to give it a consistent
    \n\tidentity, so too does a journal, any journal, tend to replicate itself"
    \n\t(223). What makes a healthy journal? When is divergence in citation
    \n\tmore a matter of eclecticism than balkanization?<\/li>\n
  • From this, do we get a window on whose stock is rising and dropping?\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    "Doesn’t the breeziness of citation, its offhand and seemingly arrogant
    \nnature signal that the essay as a whole commits one of the sins of the
    \nwell-established author, that is, the need to skip serious, rigorous,
    \ntime-consuming research in order to reach for grand and majestic statements?"
    \n(211).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>Stevens, Anne H., and Jay Williams. "The Footnote, in Theory." Critical Inquiry 32 (Winter 2006): 208-225.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[69],"tags":[529,770,1919,423,1920,1921,482,306,1531,144,1922,1877,1923,417],"class_list":["post-7121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dissertation","tag-bibliometrics","tag-citation","tag-counting","tag-database","tag-footnote","tag-frequency","tag-graphs","tag-journals","tag-lists","tag-methods","tag-rank","tag-table","tag-theorists","tag-theory"],"yoast_head":"\nStevens and Williams, "The Footnote, in Theory" - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2008\/01\/31\/stevens-and-wil\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Stevens and Williams, "The Footnote, in Theory" - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 3 minsStevens, Anne H., and Jay Williams. 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