{"id":7108,"date":"2007-08-19T21:41:06","date_gmt":"2007-08-19T21:41:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/19\/flower-swarts-a\/"},"modified":"2007-08-19T21:41:06","modified_gmt":"2007-08-19T21:41:06","slug":"flower-swarts-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/19\/flower-swarts-a\/","title":{"rendered":"Flower, Swarts, and Hayes, "Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction""},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>

Flower,
\nLinda S., Heidi Swarts, and John R. Hayes. "Designing Protocol Studies of
\nthe Writing Process: An Introduction." New Directions In Composition
\nResearch<\/i>. Richard Beach and Lillian S. Bridwell, eds. New York:
\nGuilford, 1984. 53-71.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

The team of authors present this essay as a practical variation of protocol
\nanalysis much different from the theoretical treatment they published in 1983.
\nProtocol studies, they explain, focus on "individual processes" and they operate
\nin the interest of what they call "close modeling" (53). "Close modeling"
\ndesignates that the model is an intermediary between the minutiae of acts
\ncarried out by the individual writer and larger tendencies that can be traced
\nacross most writers when they write (given a regular, stated task or
\nassignment). <\/p>\n

The protocol produces a sequential record of the individual processes, and,
\nbecause it is extraordinarily detailed, it produces too much information (56).
\nHow do researchers respond when there is too much data? Computational
\nmethods. Limited scope. More deliberate selections. Samples,
\netc. From the collection regimen, protocol analysts proceed with the
\nclassification of activity according to a regularized process for writing–the
\ncognitive process model Flower and Hayes introduced in 1981. Analysts,
\ncalled "judges," study the protocols for "episodes" or moments when there is a
\nshift in focus or attention. Also, protocol studies are compatible with
\nfour methods: 1.) exploratory (what if); 2.) comparative (similarity and
\ndifferentiation); 3.) hypothesis and testing; and 4.) modeling of the writing
\nprocess. This fourth and final point gets the lightest treatment.
\nWhy? Also, there is very little discussion of what models do<\/i>, or how they
\nare presented, set into motion, circulated, and so on.<\/p>\n

What discussion there is of what a model does is limited to this: <\/p>\n

"Our own efforts have been to model the cognitive processes in writing, that
\nis, to describe the key mental processes and their organization. Modeling not
\nonly creates a theoretical framework for studying writing, but tries to account
\nfor how people actually carry out the complex process of composing" (68). <\/p>\n

Models "describe"; they "create a theoretical framework," and they aid in
\naccounting for complex processes. A tall order! Can models do all of
\nthis? Later, the group states that "[w]hether it is fully articulated or
\nbarely conscious, we all bring a ‘model’ or set of assumptions to research,
\nwhich to a large degree guides our questioning" (69). Models are, then, "set[s]
\nof assumptions," too. I can’t hurry through each of these ways of pinning
\n"models" to a particular function. But it does begin to seem like the
\nnotion of "modeling" itself becomes a free agent–a Katamari ball ricocheting
\noff of too many matters for it to make any sense at all. Are models
\ndescriptive? Is this true of both discursive and presentational (i.e.,
\nvisual) models? Do models create a "theoretical framework" or a
\n"conceptual framework," and what is the difference (see Pemberton)? Models
\ncome to our rescue where complexity is concerned, but they might also move us
\ntoward complexity rather than always away from it. I mean that while many
\nmodels simplify, they can also complicate–unsettle commonplaces, and so on. <\/p>\n

My general sense is that "models" and "model-making" becomes a catch-all–a
\nsafety net for switching scales. Move from minutia (specificity and
\nprecision) to broader orders: turn to a model. Move from broader
\nmagnitudes back to the atomistic: a model. Still, the visual model from
\nFlower and Hayes’ 1981 essay shows up here, unchanged (an ancestor in an aging
\nphotograph):<\/p>\n

\"flowerhayes1984.jpg\"<\/a><\/p>\n

"While this profusion of unselective data may seem overwhelming, it is
\nactually this method’s hidden strength: the very completeness of the picture of
\nthe writing process provides a check on the researcher’s hypotheses" (53).
\nThe points about selectivity and hidden strength are interesting, but the
\n"completeness of the picture of the writing process" seems like an impossible
\npursuit. Still, even in light of post-process departures from routine, we
\nhave to wonder whether there is something lasting in the challenge of too much
\ndata, the decisions of what to do when faced with too much data, and even the
\nuse of less formal measures to get at what writers are thinking about when they
\ncompose. <\/p>\n

"Thinking-aloud protocols, which provide some of the content<\/i> of the
\nwriter’s thoughts, give us many more data from which to draw inferences" (55).
\nHmm.<\/p>\n

"A protocol is a versatile research tool: it captures information from a
\nwriter while the writer is engaged in a whole range of composing subprocesses
\nand behaviors" (65). Reminds me of Twitter. And although much of
\nthis work has slid into technical communications–studies of tasks and activity
\namong designers, for instance–it causes me to wonder about the capturing of
\ninformation–field-wide metadata–tied to other scales of production, like what
\nis called a "discipline." <\/p>\n

Phrases: judges (68), float-dive in Atlantic Ocean (56) (method is not for
\nthe un-prepared); planning, translating, reviewing (60); model (69), episodes
\n(58)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>Flower, Linda S., Heidi Swarts, and John R. Hayes. "Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction." New Directions In Composition Research. Richard Beach and Lillian S. Bridwell, eds. New York: Guilford, 1984. 53-71.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[124],"tags":[148,142,139,135,152,151,149,144,141,145,130,138,143,146,150,147,140],"class_list":["post-7108","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-models","tag-abundance","tag-activity","tag-analysis","tag-cognition","tag-data","tag-episode","tag-judges","tag-methods","tag-models","tag-planning","tag-process","tag-protocol","tag-research","tag-reviewing","tag-structure","tag-translating","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"\nFlower, Swarts, and Hayes, "Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction" - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/19\/flower-swarts-a\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Flower, Swarts, and Hayes, "Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction" - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 3 minsFlower, Linda S., Heidi Swarts, and John R. 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Close modeling suggests models that are slotted at a certain scale. For protocol studies, the scale is the solitary writer who is given a specific (if dull) writing task,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7102,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/01\/flower-and-haye-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":7108,"position":1},"title":"Flower and Hayes, "Uncovering Cognitive Processes in Writing: An Introduction to Protocol Analysis"","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 1, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Hayes, John R., and Linda S. Flower. \"Uncovering Cognitive Processes in Writing: An Introduction to Protocol Analysis.\" Research On Writing: Principles and Methods. Peter Mosenthal, Lynne Tamor, and Sean A. Walmsley, eds. New York: Longman, 1983. 207-220. 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This team-authored article advances the cognitive process work done by Flower and Hayes in the early 1980's by modeling\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Revision Model, p 185","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/farm2.static.flickr.com\/1252\/1196475574_b9a5eada12.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7092,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/05\/03\/pemberton-model\/","url_meta":{"origin":7108,"position":3},"title":"Pemberton, “Modeling Theory and Composing Process Models.”","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"May 3, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Pemberton, Michael A. \"Modeling Theory and Composing Process Models.\" CCC 44.1 (1993): 40-58. Pemberton examines models in composition studies by taking into account Flower and Hayes' cognitive process model of writing and its mixed reception. In one sense, then, this essay is an account of uptake. But there're more. Pemberton\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7101,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","url_meta":{"origin":7108,"position":4},"title":"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"June 20, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Flower, Linda S., and John R. Hayes. \"Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process.\" College English 39.4 (Dec. 1977): 449-461. One of the earliest collaborative precursors to Flower and Hayes' cognitive process model, this essay presents heuristics and problem-solving as ways to address the morass of the same old same old:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"arrangement\"","block_context":{"text":"arrangement","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/tag\/arrangement\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6726,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/04\/10\/did-bitzer-draw\/","url_meta":{"origin":7108,"position":5},"title":"Did Bitzer Draw?","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"April 10, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Did Lloyd Bitzer ever draw his situational model? Or are all of the visually rendered triangles drawn from his textual account? If he didn't draw it (I can't find evidence that he did), are responses to the model's viability fueled instead by its proliferation as an abstraction pulled (like a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Dissertation"","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Rhetorical Situation","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/farm1.static.flickr.com\/192\/454209453_2c2afbec08_m.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7108"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7108\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7108"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7108"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}