{"id":7101,"date":"2007-06-20T20:59:24","date_gmt":"2007-06-20T20:59:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/"},"modified":"2018-12-22T17:45:25","modified_gmt":"2018-12-22T22:45:25","slug":"flower-and-haye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","title":{"rendered":"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”"},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>

Flower, Linda S., and John R. Hayes. “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process.” College English<\/i> 39.4 (Dec. 1977): 449-461.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

One of the earliest collaborative precursors to Flower and Hayes’ cognitive
\nprocess model, this essay presents heuristics and problem-solving<\/b> as ways
\nto address the morass of the same old same old: “our basic methods of teaching\u00a0writing are the same ones English academic were using in the seventeenth century” (449). Flower and Hayes argue that while practitioners do well to get students analyzing writing-as-product<\/b>, there has not been especially much to illuminate aspects of process<\/b>. Process, they write, has been left “up to inspiration” (449). They invoke heuristics<\/i><\/b>
\nmuch in the same light\u00a0Janice Lauer does in 1970<\/a> with her brief essay and related bibliography, arguing that heuristics are “a kind of shorthand for cognitive operations<\/b>…they give the writer self-conscious access to some of the thinking techniques that normally constitute ‘inspiration.'” (452). If we were use a line chart to illustrate a continuum between algorithmic<\/b> approaches to invention and\u00a0\u00a0aleatory<\/b> approaches to invention, with heuristics as an intervening term, Flower and Hayes’ variety of heuristics would probably be located herex<\/sup>, nestled among the algorithm-heuristic hybrids. Their cognitive process model–circa 1980–resides in this same area, an area regarded with suspicion by many of the critics of the cognitive process, so suspiciously, in fact, that doubters tend to glide across it like they would Lock Ness:<\/p>\n

<–algorithm——-x<\/sup>—-heuristic————aleatory–><\/p>\n

Still, Flower and Hayes make a positive argument, sharing their
\ngoal-directed heuristics as “an alternative to trial and error<\/b>” (450) and
\nas an approach that views writing as a “thinking problem, rather than an
\narrangement problem” (450). The thick teleology governing this approach is
\nsomething of a concern to\u00a0Berthoff<\/a> (for all of the reasons she points out in “The Problem with Problem-Solving.” Flower and Hayes offer heuristics as a fourth alternative to the three pervasive strategies for writing: 1.) formulism and prescription<\/b> (as comes, oftentimes, from text books), 2.) inspiration<\/b> (kept mysterious and often following Romantic misconceptions), and 3.) writer’s block <\/b>(nothing works). Heuristics offer “problem-solving techniques.” Like the journalist’s “Who? What? When? Where? Why?” (451), heuristics “give the writer a repertory of alternatives and the power of choice” (452). Their problem-solving strategy is derived from protocol analysis; researchers focused on two key tasks: “(1) to generate ideas in language and then (2) to construct those ideas into a written structure adapted to the needs of a reader and the goals of the
\nwriter” (452). Consider this a moment where the proposition takes on a
\nmechanistic character. The heuristics are broken down as follows.
\nEach item includes an explanation:<\/p>\n

1. Plan
\n1.1 Set Up a Goal
\n1.2 Find Operators<\/p>\n

2. Generating Ideas in Words
\n2.1 Play Your Thoughts
\n2.1.1 Stage a Scenario
\n2.1.2 Play Out an Analogy
\n2.1.3 Rest and Incubate
\n2.2 Push Your Ideas
\n2.2.1 Find a Cue Word or Rich Bit
\n2.2.2 Nutshell Your Ideas and Teach Them
\n2.2.3 Tree Your Ideas
\n2.2.4 Test Your Writing Against Your Own Editor<\/p>\n

3. Constructing For An Audience
\n3.1 Ends
\n3.1.1 Identify a Mutual End You and the Reader Share
\n3.1.2 Decide on Your Own Specific Ends
\n3.2 Roadblocks
\n3.3 Means
\n3.3.1 Develop a Rhetorical Strategy
\n3.3.2 Test Your Rhetorical Strategy<\/p>\n

Flower and Hayes anticipate and answer concerns about the ordering of the heuristics: “Do writers dutifully Plan, Generate, Construct, then turn out the light with the paper done? The answer is an emphatic no<\/i>. Although we have grouped these heuristics together by their function, the process of writing rarely if ever exhibits those autonomous stages textbooks describe as Gather Information, Outline, and Write. Instead, thought in writing moves in a series of non-linear jumps<\/b> from one problem and procedure to another” (460). They go on to call the process “iterative,” but perhaps there isn’t enough here too address the ways a goal changes or the sort of writing that sets out toward a moving or undetermined end. Continuing in the spirit of positive assertions, Flower and Hayes describe writing, “like problem-solving thinking in general, [as] a performance art” (461), and they are explicitly interested in “replacing the mystique of talent and the fear of failing with the possibility of an attainable goal” (461).<\/p>\n

“Because inspiration<\/b> is always dependent on the mental preparation that went before, it often does fail for the passively expectant writer waiting for the flow of magic ideas<\/b>” (451).<\/p>\n

“In formulating our strategy in this two-part way, we have made
\na fundamental assumption about the composing process: namely, that it can often be divided into two complimentary but semi-autonomous processes, which we designate as generating versus constructing<\/b> on one level and playing versus pushing<\/b> on another” (452).<\/p>\n

Terms: product (449), process (449), heuristics (450), problem solving as hot
\narea in cognitive science (450), protocol analysis (451), inspiration (451),
\nprescription (451), writer’s block (451), repertory of alternatives (452), power of choice (452), operators (453), goal-directed play (454), synectics (455), pockets of knowledge (455), flow(456), rich bits (456), code words (456), nutshelling (456), reverse outlining (456), pattern and discovery process (459), writing as performance art (461).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 3<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>Flower, Linda S., and John R. Hayes. “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process.” College English 39.4 (Dec. 1977): 449-461.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[546,713,135,178,786,1797,1275,1798,271,1799,141,1800,1801,1158,1802,2024,130,1445,138,185,1803,1804,1805,140],"class_list":["post-7101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-arrangement","tag-audience","tag-cognition","tag-composition","tag-ends","tag-goal","tag-heuristics","tag-inspiration","tag-invention","tag-means","tag-models","tag-nutshelling","tag-operators","tag-pattern","tag-prescription","tag-problem-solving","tag-process","tag-product","tag-protocol","tag-rhetoric","tag-routine","tag-synectics","tag-thinking","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"\nFlower and Hayes, "Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process" - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Flower and Hayes, "Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process" - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 3 minsFlower, Linda S., and John R. Hayes. “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process.” College English 39.4 (Dec. 1977): 449-461.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/derek.mueller\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/derek.mueller\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Derek Mueller\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Derek Mueller\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Derek Mueller\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b\"},\"headline\":\"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”\",\"datePublished\":\"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":796,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b\"},\"keywords\":[\"arrangement\",\"audience\",\"cognition\",\"composition\",\"ends\",\"goal\",\"heuristics\",\"inspiration\",\"invention\",\"means\",\"models\",\"nutshelling\",\"operators\",\"pattern\",\"prescription\",\"problem.solving\",\"process\",\"product\",\"protocol\",\"rhetoric\",\"routine\",\"synectics\",\"thinking\",\"writing\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/\",\"name\":\"Flower and Hayes, \\\"Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process\\\" - Earth Wide Moth\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/2007\\\/06\\\/20\\\/flower-and-haye\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Earth Wide Moth\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b\",\"name\":\"Derek Mueller\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480\",\"width\":1220,\"height\":480,\"caption\":\"Derek Mueller\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.derekmueller.net\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/derek.mueller\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/dereknmueller\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/dnmueller\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.earthwidemoth.com\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/dmueller\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Flower and Hayes, \"Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process\" - Earth Wide Moth","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Flower and Hayes, \"Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process\" - Earth Wide Moth","og_description":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 3 minsFlower, Linda S., and John R. Hayes. “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process.” College English 39.4 (Dec. 1977): 449-461.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","og_site_name":"Earth Wide Moth","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/derek.mueller","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/derek.mueller","article_published_time":"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00","article_modified_time":"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00","author":"Derek Mueller","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Derek Mueller","Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/"},"author":{"name":"Derek Mueller","@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b"},"headline":"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”","datePublished":"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00","dateModified":"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/"},"wordCount":796,"publisher":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b"},"keywords":["arrangement","audience","cognition","composition","ends","goal","heuristics","inspiration","invention","means","models","nutshelling","operators","pattern","prescription","problem.solving","process","product","protocol","rhetoric","routine","synectics","thinking","writing"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/","name":"Flower and Hayes, \"Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process\" - Earth Wide Moth","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#website"},"datePublished":"2007-06-20T20:59:24+00:00","dateModified":"2018-12-22T22:45:25+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/20\/flower-and-haye\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Flower and Hayes, “Problem-Solving Strategies and the Writing Process”"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#website","url":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/","name":"Earth Wide Moth","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/66fc5e80a62f53057760790b1cfeb24b","name":"Derek Mueller","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480","width":1220,"height":480,"caption":"Derek Mueller"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cropped-bmartwork.png?fit=1220%2C480"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.derekmueller.net\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/derek.mueller","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/dereknmueller\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/dnmueller"],"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/author\/dmueller\/"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7tdGk-1Qx","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":7096,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/06\/10\/berthoff-the-pr\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":0},"title":"Berthoff, "The Problem of Problem Solving"","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"June 10, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Berthoff, Ann E. \"The Problem of Problem Solving.\" CCC 22.3 (1971): 237-242. In reply to Janice Lauer's \"Heuristics and Composition,\" a brief essay and 200-item bibliography of research in psychology, Berthoff presents a polemical critique of \"problem-solving\" and of the singling out of psychological or political matters as relates to\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Reading Notes"","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7109,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/21\/flower-scriver\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":1},"title":"Flower, Scriver, Stratman, Carey, and Hayes, "Cognitive Process in Revision"","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 21, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Flower, Linda S., Karen A. Scriver, James F. Stratman, Linda Carey, and John R. Hayes. \"Cognitive Processes in Revision.\" Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics. Sheldon Rosenberg ed. New York: Cambridge, 1987. 176-240. This team-authored article advances the cognitive process work done by Flower and Hayes in the early 1980's by modeling\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Revision Model, p 185","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/farm2.static.flickr.com\/1252\/1196475574_b9a5eada12.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7107,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/19\/close-modeling\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":2},"title":"Close Modeling","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 19, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Flower and Hayes refer to their studies of talk-aloud protocols as \"close modeling\" (53) (\"Designing Protocol Studies...\", Hayes, Flower, Swarts, 1984). Close modeling suggests models that are slotted at a certain scale. For protocol studies, the scale is the solitary writer who is given a specific (if dull) writing task,\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7094,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/05\/30\/maureen-dalygog\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":3},"title":"Daly-Goggin, Authoring A Discipline.","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"May 30, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Daly-Goggin, Maureen. Authoring A Discipline: Scholarly Journals and the Post-World War II Emergence of Rhetoric and Composition. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. Searchable text available in Google Book Search. Daly-Goggin presents a study of nine major journals in rhetoric an composition over 40 years as evidence of the discipline's emergence:\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Reading Notes"","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7102,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/01\/flower-and-haye-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":4},"title":"Flower and Hayes, "Uncovering Cognitive Processes in Writing: An Introduction to Protocol Analysis"","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 1, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Hayes, John R., and Linda S. Flower. \"Uncovering Cognitive Processes in Writing: An Introduction to Protocol Analysis.\" Research On Writing: Principles and Methods. Peter Mosenthal, Lynne Tamor, and Sean A. Walmsley, eds. New York: Longman, 1983. 207-220. Leading off the \"Observational Approaches\" section in the Mosenthal collection, Flower and Hayes\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Cognitive Process Model, p. 208 (from 1981)","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/farm2.static.flickr.com\/1359\/1196475334_8544680e2c.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":7108,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/19\/flower-swarts-a\/","url_meta":{"origin":7101,"position":5},"title":"Flower, Swarts, and Hayes, "Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction"","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 19, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Flower, Linda S., Heidi Swarts, and John R. Hayes. \"Designing Protocol Studies of the Writing Process: An Introduction.\" New Directions In Composition Research. Richard Beach and Lillian S. Bridwell, eds. New York: Guilford, 1984. 53-71. The team of authors present this essay as a practical variation of protocol analysis much\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Models"","block_context":{"text":"Models","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/models\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"flowerhayes1984.jpg","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/eris.earthwidemoth.com\/assets_c\/2007\/08\/flowerhayes1984-thumb-400x340.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7101"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7101\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7773,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7101\/revisions\/7773"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}