{"id":7082,"date":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","date_gmt":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/"},"modified":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","modified_gmt":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","slug":"fulkerson-four-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Fulkerson, &#8220;Four Philosophies of Composition&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-indent: -0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in\">Fulkerson,<br \/>\n          Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; <i>Composition<br \/>\n          in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field<\/i>. Barbara Gleason, Louise Wetherbee Phelps, and Mark Wiley, eds. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1996. 551-555.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In this brief piece, originally published in <i>CCC<\/i> 30 (<b>1979<\/b>),<br \/>\nFulkerson adapts a <b>philosophical framework<\/b> from M.H. Abrams&#8217;s <i>The<br \/>\nMirror and the Lamp<\/i> (1953). Abrams devised <b>a four-term analytical<br \/>\nscheme<\/b> applied to &quot;artistic transactions&quot; (551), consisting of pragmatic,<br \/>\nmimetic, expressive, and objective perspectives. Fulkerson revises these<br \/>\nterms, replacing the pragmatic and objective with rhetorical and formalist<br \/>\ndesignations, in an effort to apply them to composition studies. The mid-section<br \/>\nof the essay accounts briefly for each of the positions and names key figures<br \/>\nassociated with each:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>formalist<\/b>: bases judgments on form (grammar, syntax, and spelling);<br \/>\n  focus on the sentence and universal norms; Out front: E.D. Hirsch (552).<\/li>\n<li><b>expressionist<\/b>: committed to writing as self-discovery; grounded in<br \/>\n  the Dartmouth Conference; emph. &quot;psychic equilibrium&quot; (553); Out front:<br \/>\n  Macrorie, Donald Stewart.<\/li>\n<li><b>mimetic<\/b>: good writing relies on good (clear, logical, rational)<br \/>\n  thinking; formal logic and rooting out assumptions in discourse; concerned<br \/>\n  with insufficient knowledge to write; heuristic systems; enact the &quot;real&quot;<br \/>\n  (553); Out front: Beardsley and Kytle.<\/li>\n<li><b>rhetorical<\/b>: reflected in CCC; good writing is adapted for the<br \/>\n  &quot;desired effect on the desired audience&quot; (553); classical roots; Out front:<br \/>\n  Corbett, Richard Larson.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fulkerson goes on to explain the challenge in classifying <b>Elbow<\/b>, an<br \/>\n&quot;Aristotle in modern dress,&quot; who, though invested in &quot;free writing,<br \/>\ncollaborative criticism, and audience adaptation,&quot; still presses for students to<br \/>\nconsider <b>audience<\/b>. Because his teaching methods are interested in<br \/>\naudience and because they jibe with his evaluative emphases, Elbow fits with the<br \/>\nrhetorical philosophy. Fulkerson explains his concern with the pedagogy of &quot;<b>mindlessness<\/b>&quot;<br \/>\nthat confuses the <b>motivating philosophy<\/b> of the course with the <b><br \/>\nevaluative emphases<\/b>. &quot;<b>Value-mode confusion<\/b>&quot; is Fulkerson&#8217;s underlying<br \/>\nconcern in presenting the four philosophies, which he hopes will &quot;reduce such<br \/>\nmindlessness in the future&quot; (555). Consider that he reiterated a set of<br \/>\nrelated concerns in <i>CCC<\/i> 56.4 (2005) with<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/inventio.us\/ccc\/archives\/2005\/06\/richard_fulkers.html\">&quot;Summary<br \/>\nand Critique: Composition at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century.&quot;<\/a> Also,<br \/>\nthis piece was reprinted in the <i>Composition in Four Keys<\/i> section on<br \/>\n&quot;Alternative Maps,&quot; along with Berlin&#8217;s &quot;Contemporary Composition: The Major<br \/>\nPedagogical Theories,&quot; and excerpts from North&#8217;s <i><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/eris.earthwidemoth.com\/archives\/001425.html\">Making of Knowledge<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Key terms: value-mode confusion (in the &quot;bald&quot; assignment) (554), modal<br \/>\nconfusion (555).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Since the elements in an <b>artistic transaction<\/b> are the same as those<br \/>\nin any communication, it seemed that Abrams&#8217;s four theories might also be<br \/>\nrelevant to <b>composition<\/b>&quot; (551).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;My thesis is that this four-part perspective helps give us <b>a coherent<br \/>\nview<\/b> of what goes on in <b>composition classes<\/b>. All four philosophies<br \/>\nexist in <b>practice<\/b>&quot; (551).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;My research has convinced me that in many cases composition teachers either<br \/>\n<b>fail to have a consistent value theory<\/b> or <b>fail to let that philosophy<br \/>\nshape pedagogy<\/b>&quot; (554).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;There is nothing wrong with an expressive philosophy, but there is <b><br \/>\nsomething seriously wrong<\/b> with classroom methodology which implies <b>one<br \/>\nvariety of value judgment<\/b> when <b>another will actually be employed<\/b>.<br \/>\nThat is <b>model confusion<\/b>, <b>mindlessness<\/b>&quot; (555).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>Fulkerson, Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; Composition in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field. Barbara Gleason, Louise Wetherbee Phelps, and Mark Wiley, eds. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1996. 551-555.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[174],"tags":[713,1209,178,1667,1408,1665,1256,385,1668,1642,1318,1669,1666,306,445,1069,738,1670,1671,1111,278,477,1672,544,1673,675,185,1129,417,140],"class_list":["post-7082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-writing_technol","tag-audience","tag-classroom","tag-composition","tag-controversy","tag-criticism","tag-dartmouth","tag-elbow","tag-error","tag-expressive","tag-formalist","tag-goals","tag-grammar","tag-hirsch","tag-journals","tag-knowledge","tag-literature","tag-logic","tag-mimetic","tag-mindlessness","tag-objective","tag-pedagogy","tag-philosophy","tag-pragmatic","tag-problems","tag-procedures","tag-reason","tag-rhetoric","tag-rhetorical","tag-theory","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fulkerson, &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition&quot; - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fulkerson, &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition&quot; - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time:  2 minsFulkerson, Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; Composition in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field. 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Fulkerson's ten-year follow-up to earlier reports on the condition of composition studies concludes with premonitions about the field's disunity and the \"new theory wars\" (681). As a \"map [of] a large and complicated\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Writing Technologies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Fulkerson Grid - Composition's Pedagogical Quandary","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.flickr.com\/111\/303929124_222ba3b5e7.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6339,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2005\/06\/28\/a-complandia-it\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":1},"title":"A Comp-landia Itinerary","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"June 28, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Encouraged by C.'s comment at cgbvb and entries by Jeff and Donna, I'm in on the carnival; flipped through Fulkerson's essay in the latest CCC (56.4) this afternoon.\u00a0 My general impression is that it's an interesting overview of the discipline--engaging for the divisions he suggests and for the grim note\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Reading Notes&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7010,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/07\/27\/olson-the-death\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":2},"title":"Olson, &#8220;The Death of Composition as an Intellectual Discipline&#8221;","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"July 27, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Olson, Gary. \"The Death of Composition as an Intellectual Discipline.\" Olson 23-31. Olson begins with a glaring critique of the perceived split between high-theory elites who avoid \"the problems of the classroom\" and those who would see composition as centrally concerned with \"self-reflection about the teaching of writing or about\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Writing Technologies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6688,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/01\/29\/exam-cloud-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":3},"title":"Cloudifying Exams","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"January 29, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Because I have a hearing\/defense coming up Thursday morning for my qualifying exams, I figured why not run the answers for the most frequent nouns and noun phrases? And then I figured, why not post each answer as a tagcloud? I've re-read my exam answers to prepare for each of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Qualifying Exams&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Qualifying Exams","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/exammunition\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9869,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2025\/04\/13\/least-recently-used-lru\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":4},"title":"Least Recently Used (LRU)","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"April 13, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"As I was following through on a couple of questions related to gone-noting this week, to my surprise I ended up looking at the Harris & Harris textbook, Digital Design and Computer Architecture (2021), chapter 8, \"Memory Systems,\" and even more closely, section 8.4.5, \"Replacement Policies,\" where I found a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Tools-in-use&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Tools-in-use","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/toolsinuse\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6496,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/01\/30\/the-end-of-comp\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":5},"title":"The End of Composition Studies; The Start of&#8230;","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"January 30, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"In some ways, it's like the Blockbuster video ad campaign from a year ago--The End of Late Fees; The Start of More. The title of David Smit's The End of Composition Studies invokes an endism that one might take to suggest to the demise of the discipline of writing studies.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Reading Notes&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7082"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7082\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}