{"id":7082,"date":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","date_gmt":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/"},"modified":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","modified_gmt":"2006-11-21T19:29:16","slug":"fulkerson-four-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Fulkerson, &#8220;Four Philosophies of Composition&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-indent: -0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in\">Fulkerson,<br \/>\n          Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; <i>Composition<br \/>\n          in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field<\/i>. Barbara Gleason, Louise Wetherbee Phelps, and Mark Wiley, eds. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1996. 551-555.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>In this brief piece, originally published in <i>CCC<\/i> 30 (<b>1979<\/b>),<br \/>\nFulkerson adapts a <b>philosophical framework<\/b> from M.H. Abrams&#8217;s <i>The<br \/>\nMirror and the Lamp<\/i> (1953). Abrams devised <b>a four-term analytical<br \/>\nscheme<\/b> applied to &quot;artistic transactions&quot; (551), consisting of pragmatic,<br \/>\nmimetic, expressive, and objective perspectives. Fulkerson revises these<br \/>\nterms, replacing the pragmatic and objective with rhetorical and formalist<br \/>\ndesignations, in an effort to apply them to composition studies. The mid-section<br \/>\nof the essay accounts briefly for each of the positions and names key figures<br \/>\nassociated with each:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>formalist<\/b>: bases judgments on form (grammar, syntax, and spelling);<br \/>\n  focus on the sentence and universal norms; Out front: E.D. Hirsch (552).<\/li>\n<li><b>expressionist<\/b>: committed to writing as self-discovery; grounded in<br \/>\n  the Dartmouth Conference; emph. &quot;psychic equilibrium&quot; (553); Out front:<br \/>\n  Macrorie, Donald Stewart.<\/li>\n<li><b>mimetic<\/b>: good writing relies on good (clear, logical, rational)<br \/>\n  thinking; formal logic and rooting out assumptions in discourse; concerned<br \/>\n  with insufficient knowledge to write; heuristic systems; enact the &quot;real&quot;<br \/>\n  (553); Out front: Beardsley and Kytle.<\/li>\n<li><b>rhetorical<\/b>: reflected in CCC; good writing is adapted for the<br \/>\n  &quot;desired effect on the desired audience&quot; (553); classical roots; Out front:<br \/>\n  Corbett, Richard Larson.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Fulkerson goes on to explain the challenge in classifying <b>Elbow<\/b>, an<br \/>\n&quot;Aristotle in modern dress,&quot; who, though invested in &quot;free writing,<br \/>\ncollaborative criticism, and audience adaptation,&quot; still presses for students to<br \/>\nconsider <b>audience<\/b>. Because his teaching methods are interested in<br \/>\naudience and because they jibe with his evaluative emphases, Elbow fits with the<br \/>\nrhetorical philosophy. Fulkerson explains his concern with the pedagogy of &quot;<b>mindlessness<\/b>&quot;<br \/>\nthat confuses the <b>motivating philosophy<\/b> of the course with the <b><br \/>\nevaluative emphases<\/b>. &quot;<b>Value-mode confusion<\/b>&quot; is Fulkerson&#8217;s underlying<br \/>\nconcern in presenting the four philosophies, which he hopes will &quot;reduce such<br \/>\nmindlessness in the future&quot; (555). Consider that he reiterated a set of<br \/>\nrelated concerns in <i>CCC<\/i> 56.4 (2005) with<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/inventio.us\/ccc\/archives\/2005\/06\/richard_fulkers.html\">&quot;Summary<br \/>\nand Critique: Composition at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century.&quot;<\/a> Also,<br \/>\nthis piece was reprinted in the <i>Composition in Four Keys<\/i> section on<br \/>\n&quot;Alternative Maps,&quot; along with Berlin&#8217;s &quot;Contemporary Composition: The Major<br \/>\nPedagogical Theories,&quot; and excerpts from North&#8217;s <i><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/eris.earthwidemoth.com\/archives\/001425.html\">Making of Knowledge<\/a><\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>Key terms: value-mode confusion (in the &quot;bald&quot; assignment) (554), modal<br \/>\nconfusion (555).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Since the elements in an <b>artistic transaction<\/b> are the same as those<br \/>\nin any communication, it seemed that Abrams&#8217;s four theories might also be<br \/>\nrelevant to <b>composition<\/b>&quot; (551).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;My thesis is that this four-part perspective helps give us <b>a coherent<br \/>\nview<\/b> of what goes on in <b>composition classes<\/b>. All four philosophies<br \/>\nexist in <b>practice<\/b>&quot; (551).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;My research has convinced me that in many cases composition teachers either<br \/>\n<b>fail to have a consistent value theory<\/b> or <b>fail to let that philosophy<br \/>\nshape pedagogy<\/b>&quot; (554).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;There is nothing wrong with an expressive philosophy, but there is <b><br \/>\nsomething seriously wrong<\/b> with classroom methodology which implies <b>one<br \/>\nvariety of value judgment<\/b> when <b>another will actually be employed<\/b>.<br \/>\nThat is <b>model confusion<\/b>, <b>mindlessness<\/b>&quot; (555).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 2<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>Fulkerson, Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; Composition in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field. Barbara Gleason, Louise Wetherbee Phelps, and Mark Wiley, eds. Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1996. 551-555.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[174],"tags":[713,1209,178,1667,1408,1665,1256,385,1668,1642,1318,1669,1666,306,445,1069,738,1670,1671,1111,278,477,1672,544,1673,675,185,1129,417,140],"class_list":["post-7082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-writing_technol","tag-audience","tag-classroom","tag-composition","tag-controversy","tag-criticism","tag-dartmouth","tag-elbow","tag-error","tag-expressive","tag-formalist","tag-goals","tag-grammar","tag-hirsch","tag-journals","tag-knowledge","tag-literature","tag-logic","tag-mimetic","tag-mindlessness","tag-objective","tag-pedagogy","tag-philosophy","tag-pragmatic","tag-problems","tag-procedures","tag-reason","tag-rhetoric","tag-rhetorical","tag-theory","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fulkerson, &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition&quot; - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/21\/fulkerson-four-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fulkerson, &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition&quot; - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time:  2 minsFulkerson, Richard. &quot;Four Philosophies of Composition.&quot; Composition in Four Keys: Inquiring into the Field. 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Fulkerson's ten-year follow-up to earlier reports on the condition of composition studies concludes with premonitions about the field's disunity and the \"new theory wars\" (681). As a \"map [of] a large and complicated\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Writing Technologies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Fulkerson Grid - Composition's Pedagogical Quandary","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.flickr.com\/111\/303929124_222ba3b5e7.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":6339,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2005\/06\/28\/a-complandia-it\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":1},"title":"A Comp-landia Itinerary","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"June 28, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Encouraged by C.'s comment at cgbvb and entries by Jeff and Donna, I'm in on the carnival; flipped through Fulkerson's essay in the latest CCC (56.4) this afternoon.\u00a0 My general impression is that it's an interesting overview of the discipline--engaging for the divisions he suggests and for the grim note\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Reading Notes&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7010,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/07\/27\/olson-the-death\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":2},"title":"Olson, &#8220;The Death of Composition as an Intellectual Discipline&#8221;","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"July 27, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Olson, Gary. \"The Death of Composition as an Intellectual Discipline.\" Olson 23-31. Olson begins with a glaring critique of the perceived split between high-theory elites who avoid \"the problems of the classroom\" and those who would see composition as centrally concerned with \"self-reflection about the teaching of writing or about\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Writing Technologies&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":9869,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2025\/04\/13\/least-recently-used-lru\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":3},"title":"Least Recently Used (LRU)","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"April 13, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"As I was following through on a couple of questions related to gone-noting this week, to my surprise I ended up looking at the Harris & Harris textbook, Digital Design and Computer Architecture (2021), chapter 8, \"Memory Systems,\" and even more closely, section 8.4.5, \"Replacement Policies,\" where I found a\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Tools-in-use&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Tools-in-use","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/toolsinuse\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-13-at-12.50.22%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":6688,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/01\/29\/exam-cloud-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":4},"title":"Cloudifying Exams","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"January 29, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Because I have a hearing\/defense coming up Thursday morning for my qualifying exams, I figured why not run the answers for the most frequent nouns and noun phrases? And then I figured, why not post each answer as a tagcloud? I've re-read my exam answers to prepare for each of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Qualifying Exams&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Qualifying Exams","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/exammunition\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6482,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/01\/12\/jacing-around-w\/","url_meta":{"origin":7082,"position":5},"title":"Bibliometrics JACing","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"January 12, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"I got caught up reading the Moretti Event over at The Valve, but I still have a minute to post a few notes about something I was thinking about earlier today.\u00a0 I read the introduction to David Smit's The End of Composition Studies yesterday; there, he has this to say\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Methods&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Methods","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/method\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7082","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7082"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7082\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7082"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7082"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7082"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}