{"id":7075,"date":"2006-11-10T19:22:49","date_gmt":"2006-11-10T19:22:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/10\/kittler-discour\/"},"modified":"2006-11-10T19:22:49","modified_gmt":"2006-11-10T19:22:49","slug":"kittler-discour","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/10\/kittler-discour\/","title":{"rendered":"Kittler, Discourse Networks<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 5<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>\n

Kittler,
\n Friedrich. Discourse Networks, 1800\/1900<\/i>. Trans. Michael Metteer.
\n Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 1990.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

First of all, there is no reading Kittler quickly. Discourse Networks
\n1800\/1900<\/i> is like a technology-focused sequel to Foucault’s The Order of
\nThings<\/i>. Kittler notes that Foucault ended his archaeology of discourse
\naround 1850, just before things got going with the second industrial revolution
\nand the expansion of media technologies<\/b>—typewriter, gramophone, and
\nfilm<\/b> (each contributing to a medial turn Foucault does not address). The
\nGerman title Aufschreibesysteme<\/i> arguably translates more accurately as
\n"notation systems" or "inscription systems"; provided that Kittler does
\nrelatively little with the idea of "network", "inscription systems<\/b>" seems
\nlike a better fit with what’s here.<\/p>\n

What’s here? Two epistemes and periods, each corresponding to a century mark.
\nThe discourse network of 1800 is set against the discourse network of 1900. The
\nfirst is characterized by hermeneutics, alphabetization, and (original,
\nsolitary, Romantic) poetry (its emblematic figure, Goethe’s Faust)<\/b>; the
\nsecond is characterized by technological media, inscription, and exhaustive
\ndata storage and transmission (its emblematic figure, Nietzsche)<\/b>. In David
\nWellbery’s foreword, he calls Discourse Networks<\/i> a "genealogy of
\nhermeneutics<\/b>." (xi). After brief chapters explaining how the figures of
\nFaust and Nietzsche prime the epoch under consideration, each section consists
\nof three chapters. <\/p>\n

Discourse Network of 1800 (Romantic\/hermeneutic)<\/b>
\nThe Mother’s Mouth (25): mother and state as producers\/encoders of discourse;
\nnormalization of speech (36) via alphabet and primers; consumption and
\nproduction model; Poet-Author ascendant.
\nLanguage Channels (70): language as mere channel (for love); writing from nature
\n(inscription systems naturalized); aims of discourse are love and poetry.
\nThe Toast (124): Literary philosophy driven by interpretation; philosophy joins
\npoetry in the hermeneutic trap; complementarity of genders.<\/p>\n

Discourse Network of 1900 (Modern\/medially inscribed)<\/b>
\nThe Great Lalula (206; psychophysics, technological media): materiality!;
\ndiscourse analytics such as counting words (190); mathematical linguistics
\n(222); memory experiments free from hermeneutics (208); language standards and
\ndehumanization (223); data storage; film and gramophone; typographic spatiality
\n(257).
\nRebus (265; psychoanalysis, literature): translation is impossible;
\ntransposition is possible only in untranslatability [does this anticipate
\ndigitality?] (265-273); Freud transposes dream-images into symbolic relations
\nand written records (274); limited inscription systems determine psychoanalytic
\nsubjects; technological media destroy the monopoly of writing.
\nQueen’s Sacrifice (347; gender): antagonism of genders.<\/p>\n

Wellbery suggests that Kittler "establishes a positive research program for
\nposthuman criticism<\/b>" (xii) and that he does so, in part, by analyzing
\nat the level of machines<\/b> rather than the signifier. In this respect,
\nDiscourse Networks<\/i> has something in common with Fuller’s Media Ecologies<\/i>.
\nKittler’s explanation of technological media suggest that they are capable of
\nsubsuming human corporeality, subjugating the subject to data such that
\nagency<\/b> dissolves and Man and soul no longer apply (258) [Fuller uses this
\npoint to distinguish Kittler from McLuhan who suggests a more cooperative
\ndynamic between humans and their extensions]. <\/p>\n

With the medial turn<\/b> in the discourse network of 1900, the flight of
\nideas commences. Language loses its inwardness<\/b> (243), and individuals
\nlearn the autonomy of linguistic expression (239). Kittler identifies one
\ndefining locus for the transition between the two epistemes, oddly enough, in
\ntalking dolls<\/b> (232), which he explains shift from repeating parental phrases
\n(dolls of 1800) to the self-relation of children’s recorded voices talking or
\nsinging to children (Edison). This self relation displaces both the mother and
\nthe state–primary encoders in the discourse network of 1800.<\/p>\n

Key terms: monopoly of writing (370), genealogy of hermeneutics (xi),
\npresupposition of exteriority (xiii), presupposition of mediality (xiii),
\npresupposition of corporeality (xiv), cybernetic sociology (xviii), Lacanian
\nregister (symbolic, imaginary, real) (xxxi), Republic of Scholars (4), free
\nwriting (14), free translation (19), hermeneutics (21), cloud of meaning (21),
\nnature’s production of discourses (25), mother as primary instructor (26),
\nalphabetization (27), coercive act of alphabetizing (30), purification of speech
\n(37), true programming (49), circuit of legitimation (61, 153), bureaucratic
\nbaptism of knowledge (61), inscription (64), silent reading (65), love and
\npoetry (73), translation of the unspeakable (77), fantasia of the library<\/b>
\n(91, 99), poetry, author, work (109), fixed idea<\/b> (110), authorial
\nfunction (111), serial storage of serial data (116), reading mania (144),
\nanthology (147), new humanists (150), deixis (168), German essay<\/b> (180),
\ngenres (183), maker of words (185), free essays<\/b> (185, 329), typewriter’s
\nchaos and intervals (192), mnemotechnics (196), flight of ideas<\/b> (205),
\nrandom generators (206), Morgenstern’s The Great Lalula (212), catch phrase
\n(222), written verbigeration<\/b> (228), rebus (274), red marks on essays
\n(330), writer as medium (331). <\/p>\n

"Whatever the historical field we are dealing with, in Kittler’s view, we are
\ndealing with media as determined by the technological possibilities<\/b> of
\nthe epoch in question. Mediality<\/b> is the general condition within which,
\nunder specific circumstances, something like ‘poetry’ or ‘literature’ can take
\nshape. Post-hermeneutic literary history<\/b> (or criticism), therefore,
\nbecomes a sub-branch of media studies<\/b>" (xiii).<\/p>\n

"Words<\/b> have no effect because they are skipped over; reading issues
\nonly in writing’ authors’ names detract from the phenomenon of the book. In
\nretrospect the discourse network of 1800 is a single machine<\/b> designed to
\nneutralize discursive effects and establish ‘our absurd world of educators’–‘to
\nthe "able servant of the state" this promises a regulating schema’–founded on
\nthe ruin of words<\/b>" (179).<\/p>\n

"The discourse network of 1900 could not build on the three functions of
\nproduction<\/b>, distribution<\/b>, and consumption<\/b>" (186).<\/p>\n

"Not every discursive configuration rests on an originary production of
\nsigns. Circa 1900 several blindnesses–of the writer, of writing, of
\nscript–come together to guarantee an elementary blindness: the blind spot of
\nthe writing act<\/b>. Instead of the play between Man the sign-setter and the
\nwriting surface, the philosopher as stylus and the tablet of Nature, there is
\nthe play between type and its Other, completely removed from subjects. Its name
\nis inscription<\/b>" (195).<\/p>\n

"Writing ceased to wait<\/b>, quiet and dead, on patient paper for its
\nconsumer; writing ceased to be sweetened by pastry baking and mothers’
\nwhispering–it now assaulted with the power of shock<\/b>" (223).<\/p>\n

"Standards<\/b> have nothing to do with Man. They are the criteria of
\nmedia and psychophysics<\/b>, which they abruptly link together. Writing,
\ndisconnected from all discursive technologies, is no longer based on an
\nindividual capable of imbuing it with coherence through connecting curves and
\nthe expressive pressure of the pen; it swells in an apparatus that cuts up
\nindividuals into test material<\/b>" (223). <\/p>\n

"The ordinary, purposeful use of language<\/b>–so-called communication<\/b>
\nwith others–is excluded. Syllabic hodgepodge and automatic writing, the
\nlanguage of children and the insane–none of it is meant for understanding
\neyes or ears<\/b>; all of it takes the quickest path from experimental
\nconditions to data storage<\/b>" (229).<\/p>\n

"As technological media, the gramophone and film<\/b> store acoustical and
\noptical data serially with superhuman precision<\/b>. Invented at the same
\ntime by the same engineers, they launched a two-pronged attack on a monopoly
\nthat had not been granted to the book until the time of universal
\nalphabetization<\/b>: a monopoly on the storage of serial data<\/b>" (245).<\/p>\n

"One needs the whole power of one’s vision to glimpse the overlooked
\nvisibility of texts<\/b>. The black and white of texts seems so timeless that is
\nnever occurs to reader to think of the architects of that space<\/b>" (256).\n<\/p>\n

"After the destruction of the monopoly of writing<\/b>, it becomes possible
\nto draw up an account of its functioning<\/b>" (370).<\/p>\n

More passages to keep: x, xiii, xxvi, xxx, 9, 10, 13, 16, 20, 21, 24, 29, 32,
\n33, 41, 51, 53, 74, 82, 95, 97, 100, 101, 108, 109, 111, 116, 117, 119, 130,
\n140, 177, 178, 179, 183, 186, 190, 193, 195<\/b>, 212, 215, 223, 227, 228,
\n229, 237, 238, 243, 245<\/b>, 256<\/b>, 257, 264, 267, 270, 271, 274, 275,
\n283, 284, 298, 299, 303, 319, 326, 344, 352, 369, 370<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Wait!: epigraphs are mathematical formulas; Wellbery: DN is like Benjamin’s
\nWork of Art essay; first half is frustratingly Germanic, referential; dithyramb
\n(181), on counting words (190), Bildung (223), tachistoscope (260), norn (266).
\nAlso, read Goethe, Nietzsche and Freud to get the big picture in certain
\nsections. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 5<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>Kittler, Friedrich. Discourse Networks, 1800\/1900. Trans. Michael Metteer. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 1990.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[176],"tags":[184,1601,447,706,913,457,435,1602,1482,1448,152,759,232,1603,1604,452,285,1971,1578,1599,1605,1606,1025,841,898,240,887,1568,1607,255,1056,1148,453,478,1236,144,257,1521,278,1608,1609,518,1431,516,353,437,1079,1600,1610,391,291,187,417,1476,1611,1612,532,740,1082,769,140],"class_list":["post-7075","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-visuality_and_n","tag-agency","tag-alphabetization","tag-archive","tag-association","tag-author","tag-benjamin","tag-body","tag-channel","tag-coupling","tag-cybernetics","tag-data","tag-derrida","tag-discourse","tag-epoch","tag-exteriority","tag-film","tag-foucault","tag-free-writing","tag-freud","tag-goethe","tag-gramophone","tag-hermeneutics","tag-humanism","tag-information","tag-inscription","tag-institution","tag-interpretation","tag-lacan","tag-letters","tag-literacy","tag-materiality","tag-mcluhan","tag-meaning","tag-media","tag-methodology","tag-methods","tag-networks","tag-nietzsche","tag-pedagogy","tag-philology","tag-poetry","tag-posthumanism","tag-programming","tag-psychoanalysis","tag-rebus","tag-shock","tag-speed","tag-stein","tag-storage","tag-systems","tag-teaching","tag-technology","tag-theory","tag-translation","tag-transmission","tag-transposition","tag-typewriter","tag-typography","tag-word","tag-work","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"\nKittler, Discourse Networks - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/11\/10\/kittler-discour\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kittler, Discourse Networks - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 5 minsKittler, Friedrich. 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