{"id":7063,"date":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","date_gmt":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/"},"modified":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","modified_gmt":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","slug":"latour-we-have-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Latour, <i>We Have Never Been Modern<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>\n<p style=\"text-indent: -0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0in\">Latour,<br \/>\n          Bruno. <i>We Have Never Been Modern<\/i>. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge,<br \/>\n          Mass.: Harvard, 1993.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Latour carves through the layers of the &quot;modern&quot; episteme in an effort to<br \/>\nback his argument that <b>we have never been modern<\/b>. &quot;Moderns,&quot; he<br \/>\ncontends, have so eagerly pursued the polarization of ideas unto <b>Nature<\/b><br \/>\nand <b>Culture<\/b> (science and the social) that they have rendered the <b><br \/>\nmediators<\/b> (in translation, i.e., networks) <b>invisible<\/b>, <b>concealed<\/b>,<br \/>\nmere and inconvenient <b>intermediaries<\/b>. As the two poles diverge,<br \/>\nspanning them becomes exasperating (<b>Hobbes<\/b> and <b>Boyle<\/b> are<br \/>\nrepresentative figures here, splitting authority into the <b>civic domain<\/b><br \/>\nand the <b>laboratory<\/b>); Latour wants us to &quot;retrace our steps&quot; and &quot;stop<br \/>\nmoving on&quot; (62). Following a propensity for &quot;<b>purification<\/b>,&quot; the<br \/>\nso-called moderns have <b>neglected networks<\/b>, the imbroglios of<br \/>\nquasi-objects and quasi-subjects, and thereby &quot;drained [the modern world] of its<br \/>\nmysteries&quot; (128). According to Latour, the four bases for modernist critique<br \/>\nallow these conditions to persist: &quot;<b>naturalization<\/b>, <b>sociologization<\/b>,<br \/>\n<b>discursivization<\/b>, and finally <b>the forgetting of Being<\/b>&quot; (67, 88).<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/33032196@N00\/285321130\/\" title=\"Photo Sharing\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/static.flickr.com\/120\/285321130_2c4c7d3ebb_m.jpg?resize=240%2C154\" width=\"240\" height=\"154\" alt=\"Purification and Translation\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>What accumulates is a kind of archeology of contemporary epistemologies<br \/>\n(reminds me of <i>The Order of Things<\/i>, faintly), and Latour takes to task<br \/>\nnot only the <b>moderns<\/b>, but the <b>antimoderns<\/b> and the <b>postmoderns<\/b><br \/>\nas well. Eventually, after a biting critique of the postmoderns, however,<br \/>\nhe points out that <b>all need not be abandoned<\/b>. Latour wants to<br \/>\nretain and reject selected precepts from the premoderns, moderns, and<br \/>\npostmoderns (<b>reflexivity<\/b> and desconstruction\/<b>constructivism<\/b>)<br \/>\n(135).<\/p>\n<p>While there&#8217;s a whole lot more here, Latour ends with a pronouncement on<br \/>\nbehalf of <b>things<\/b>. In the final chapter, &quot;Redistribution,&quot; humanism<br \/>\nis recast as &quot;a weaver of morphisms&quot; (137) and &quot;the networks come out of hiding&quot;<br \/>\n(139). With too many hybrids, the network is now stabilized (with objects<br \/>\nlike the air pump), and &quot;[a]t last the Middle Kingdom is represented. Natures<br \/>\nand societies are its satellites&quot; (79): &quot;In its confines, the <b>continuity of<br \/>\nthe collective<\/b> is reconfigured. There are <b>no more naked truths<\/b>, but<br \/>\nthere are <b>no more naked citizens<\/b>, either. The <b>mediators<\/b> have the<br \/>\nwhole space to themselves. The Enlightenment has a dwelling-place at last. <b><br \/>\nNatures<\/b> are present, but with their representatives, scientists who speak in<br \/>\ntheir name. <b>Societies<\/b> are present, but with the objects that have been<br \/>\nserving as their ballast from time immemorial&quot; (144). <\/p>\n<p>Key terms: nature-culture (7, 41), critical tripartation (7), translation and<br \/>\npurification (10), constitution (14), inert bodies (23), social context (25),<br \/>\nrepresentation (27), modern critique (38), nonmodern and amodern (47),<br \/>\nquasi-objects and quasi-subjects (51), dialectics (55), phenomenologists (58),<br \/>\npolytemporal (74), mediators and intermediaries (77), silent things (83), skein<br \/>\nof networks (120), micro and macro (121), size (113).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;To shuttle back and forth [between nature and culture], we rely on the<br \/>\nnotion of <b>translation<\/b>, or <b>network<\/b>. More supple than the notion of<br \/>\n<b>system<\/b>, more historical than the notion of <b>structure<\/b>, more<br \/>\nempirical than the notion of <b>complexity<\/b>, the idea of network is<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ariadne's_thread_(logic)\">Ariadne&#8217;s thread<\/a><br \/>\nof these interwoven stories&quot; (3). <\/p>\n<p>&quot;Our intellectual life is <b>out of kilter<\/b>. Epistemology, the social<br \/>\nsciences, the sciences of texts&#8211;all have their privileged vantage point,<br \/>\nprovided that they remain <b>separate<\/b>&quot; (5). <\/p>\n<p>&quot;In the eyes of our critics the ozone hole above our heads, the moral law in<br \/>\nour hearts, the autonomous texts, may each be of interest, but only separately.<br \/>\nThat a delicate shuttle should have woven together the heavens, industry, texts,<br \/>\nsouls, and moral law&#8211;this remains <b>uncanny<\/b>, <b>unthinkable<\/b>, <b><br \/>\nunseemly<\/b>&quot; (5). <\/p>\n<p>&quot;Either we have to disappear, we bearers of bad news, or criticism itself has<br \/>\nto face a crisis because of these <b>networks it cannot swallow<\/b>&quot; (6).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The double separation is what we have to reconstruct: the separation between<br \/>\n<b>humans<\/b> and <b>nonhumans<\/b> on the one hand, and between <b>what happens<br \/>\n&#8216;above&#8217;<\/b> and <b>&#8216;below&#8217; <\/b>on the other&quot; (13).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;No <b>science<\/b> can exit from the <b>network<\/b> of its <b>practice<\/b>&quot;<br \/>\n(24).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;In other words, they are inventing our modern world, a world in which the<br \/>\nrepresentation of things through the intermediary of the <b>laboratory<\/b> is<br \/>\nforever <b>dissociated<\/b> from the representation of <b>citizens<\/b> through<br \/>\nthe intermediary of the social contract&quot; (27).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;Here likes the entire modern paradox. If we consider <b>hybrids<\/b>, we are<br \/>\ndealing only with mixtures of nature and culture; if we consider the work of <b><br \/>\npurification<\/b>, we confront a total separation between nature and culture&quot;<br \/>\n(30).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;A <b>nonmodern<\/b> is anyone who takes simultaneously into account the<br \/>\nmoderns&#8217; Constitution and the populations of hybrids that that Constitution<br \/>\nrejects and allows to proliferate&quot; (47). <\/p>\n<p>&quot;The <b>antimoderns<\/b>, like the <b>postmoderns<\/b>, have accepted their<br \/>\nadversaries&#8217; playing field. Another field&#8211;much broader, much less<br \/>\npolemical&#8211;has opened up before us: <b>the field of nonmodern worlds<\/b>.<br \/>\nIt is the Middle Kingdom, as vast as China and as little known&quot; (48).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;How did the modern manage to specify and cancel out the work of mediation<br \/>\nboth at once? <i>By conceiving of every <b>hybrid<\/b> as a mixture of <b>two<br \/>\npure forms<\/b><\/i>&quot; (78). <\/p>\n<p>&quot;In following the pump, do we have to pretend that everything is rhetorical,<br \/>\nor that everything is natural, or that everything is socially constructed, or<br \/>\nthat everything is stamped and stocked?&quot; (89).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;By learning of Archimedes&#8217; coup (or rather, Plutarch&#8217;s) we identify the<br \/>\nentry point of <b>a new type of nonhuman<\/b> into the very fabric of the <b><br \/>\ncollective<\/b>&quot; (111).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;The two extremes, <b>local<\/b> and <b>global<\/b>, are much <b>less<br \/>\ninteresting<\/b> than the intermediary arrangements that we are calling <b><br \/>\nnetworks<\/b>&quot; (122).<\/p>\n<p>&quot;So the <b>strength of the error<\/b> that the modern world makes about itself<br \/>\nis not understandable, when the two couples of opposition are paired: in the<br \/>\nmiddle there is nothing thinkable&#8211;no collective, no network, no mediation; all<br \/>\nconceptual resources are accumulated at the extremes. We <b>poor subject-objects<\/b>,<br \/>\nwe humble societies-natures, we modest locals-globals, are literally <b><br \/>\nquartered among ontological regions<\/b> that define each other mutually but no<br \/>\nlonger resemble our practices&quot; (123). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">mins<\/span><\/span>Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1993.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[175],"tags":[1456,1460,1457,1461,1462,404,405,182,232,1463,1464,1458,1459,488,1465,1451,1466,1327,1467,1468,1348,257,1469,1430,909,1171,1470,1471,1472,493,359,963,1473,1474,917,1475,1476],"class_list":["post-7063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toolsinuse","tag-1456","tag-anthropology","tag-boyle","tag-collective","tag-constitution","tag-context","tag-culture","tag-dialectic","tag-discourse","tag-doxa","tag-dualism","tag-haraway","tag-hobbes","tag-hybrids","tag-imbroglios","tag-immanence","tag-intermediary","tag-mediation","tag-mediator","tag-modern","tag-nature","tag-networks","tag-nonhumans","tag-object","tag-politics","tag-postmodernism","tag-premoderns","tag-purification","tag-relativism","tag-revolution","tag-scale","tag-science","tag-size","tag-society","tag-subject","tag-transcendence","tag-translation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Latour, We Have Never Been Modern - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Latour, We Have Never Been Modern - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time:  4 minsLatour, Bruno. 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We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. 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Rather than lumping posthumanism with the other post-isms, Brooke draws on frameworks pursued by Hayles in How We Became Posthuman and Latour in We Have Never Been Modern as a way\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Tools-in-use&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Tools-in-use","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/toolsinuse\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6702,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/02\/22\/stroking-a-pump-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":1},"title":"Stroking a Pumpkin","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"February 22, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"I was just leafing through Latour's Reassembling again.\u00a0 I can't quit this damn book.\u00a0 I keep picking it up, leafing around, mulling over the marginalia, adding underlines, junking up the edges of the pages with more check marks and asterisks. This morning I was also looking back again at \"Visualization\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Networks&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Networks","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/networkacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6827,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/09\/21\/10x\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":2},"title":"10x","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"September 21, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"I might be on the down slope in this second chapter. I've been writing about scale, aerating the idea of \"textual altitude.\" I begin with conventional notions of scale, like those we find in traditional, basic cartography. Drawing on a couple of geography resources, I brush the term in two\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Dissertation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6813,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/22\/chreod-alignmen\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":3},"title":"Chreod: Alignment of Set-ups","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 22, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Reading more than writing today, I planned to get down notes on another run through Porter, Sullivan, et. al.'s \"Institutional Critique,\" (re: my own little life raft in postmodern geography) the same for Richards' short piece on \"The Resourcefulness of Words,\" from Speculative Instruments (re: wandering resourcefulness, another spatial, and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Networks&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Networks","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/networkacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7416,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2013\/02\/12\/gestures\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":4},"title":"Gestures","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"February 12, 2013","format":false,"excerpt":"And yet this gesture should also be carefully documented! Have you ever noticed, at sociological conferences, political meetings, and bar palavers, the hand gestures people make when they invoke the 'Big Picture' into which they offer to replace what you have just said so that it 'fits' into such easy-to-grasp\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Style&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Style","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/style\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7086,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/03\/08\/provisional-bib\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":5},"title":"Provisional Bibliography","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"March 8, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Below the fold, a provisional bibliography for the dissertation prospectus. Anderson, Chris. The Long Tail. New York: Hyperion, 2006. Ball, Philip. Critical Mass. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004. Barabasi, Alberto-Laszlo. Linked. New York: Perseus, 2002. Bazerman, Charles. \"A Relationship between Reading and Writing: The Conversational Model.\" College English\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Dissertation&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7063"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7063\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}