{"id":7063,"date":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","date_gmt":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/"},"modified":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","modified_gmt":"2006-10-29T23:00:31","slug":"latour-we-have-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Latour, We Have Never Been Modern<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 4<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>\n

Latour,
\n Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern<\/i>. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge,
\n Mass.: Harvard, 1993.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Latour carves through the layers of the "modern" episteme in an effort to
\nback his argument that we have never been modern<\/b>. "Moderns," he
\ncontends, have so eagerly pursued the polarization of ideas unto Nature<\/b>
\nand Culture<\/b> (science and the social) that they have rendered the
\nmediators<\/b> (in translation, i.e., networks) invisible<\/b>, concealed<\/b>,
\nmere and inconvenient intermediaries<\/b>. As the two poles diverge,
\nspanning them becomes exasperating (Hobbes<\/b> and Boyle<\/b> are
\nrepresentative figures here, splitting authority into the civic domain<\/b>
\nand the laboratory<\/b>); Latour wants us to "retrace our steps" and "stop
\nmoving on" (62). Following a propensity for "purification<\/b>," the
\nso-called moderns have neglected networks<\/b>, the imbroglios of
\nquasi-objects and quasi-subjects, and thereby "drained [the modern world] of its
\nmysteries" (128). According to Latour, the four bases for modernist critique
\nallow these conditions to persist: "naturalization<\/b>, sociologization<\/b>,
\ndiscursivization<\/b>, and finally the forgetting of Being<\/b>" (67, 88).<\/p>\n

\"Purification<\/a><\/p>\n

What accumulates is a kind of archeology of contemporary epistemologies
\n(reminds me of The Order of Things<\/i>, faintly), and Latour takes to task
\nnot only the moderns<\/b>, but the antimoderns<\/b> and the postmoderns<\/b>
\nas well. Eventually, after a biting critique of the postmoderns, however,
\nhe points out that all need not be abandoned<\/b>. Latour wants to
\nretain and reject selected precepts from the premoderns, moderns, and
\npostmoderns (reflexivity<\/b> and desconstruction\/constructivism<\/b>)
\n(135).<\/p>\n

While there’s a whole lot more here, Latour ends with a pronouncement on
\nbehalf of things<\/b>. In the final chapter, "Redistribution," humanism
\nis recast as "a weaver of morphisms" (137) and "the networks come out of hiding"
\n(139). With too many hybrids, the network is now stabilized (with objects
\nlike the air pump), and "[a]t last the Middle Kingdom is represented. Natures
\nand societies are its satellites" (79): "In its confines, the continuity of
\nthe collective<\/b> is reconfigured. There are no more naked truths<\/b>, but
\nthere are no more naked citizens<\/b>, either. The mediators<\/b> have the
\nwhole space to themselves. The Enlightenment has a dwelling-place at last.
\nNatures<\/b> are present, but with their representatives, scientists who speak in
\ntheir name. Societies<\/b> are present, but with the objects that have been
\nserving as their ballast from time immemorial" (144). <\/p>\n

Key terms: nature-culture (7, 41), critical tripartation (7), translation and
\npurification (10), constitution (14), inert bodies (23), social context (25),
\nrepresentation (27), modern critique (38), nonmodern and amodern (47),
\nquasi-objects and quasi-subjects (51), dialectics (55), phenomenologists (58),
\npolytemporal (74), mediators and intermediaries (77), silent things (83), skein
\nof networks (120), micro and macro (121), size (113).<\/p>\n

"To shuttle back and forth [between nature and culture], we rely on the
\nnotion of translation<\/b>, or network<\/b>. More supple than the notion of
\nsystem<\/b>, more historical than the notion of structure<\/b>, more
\nempirical than the notion of complexity<\/b>, the idea of network is
\nAriadne’s thread<\/a>
\nof these interwoven stories" (3). <\/p>\n

"Our intellectual life is out of kilter<\/b>. Epistemology, the social
\nsciences, the sciences of texts–all have their privileged vantage point,
\nprovided that they remain separate<\/b>" (5). <\/p>\n

"In the eyes of our critics the ozone hole above our heads, the moral law in
\nour hearts, the autonomous texts, may each be of interest, but only separately.
\nThat a delicate shuttle should have woven together the heavens, industry, texts,
\nsouls, and moral law–this remains uncanny<\/b>, unthinkable<\/b>,
\nunseemly<\/b>" (5). <\/p>\n

"Either we have to disappear, we bearers of bad news, or criticism itself has
\nto face a crisis because of these networks it cannot swallow<\/b>" (6).<\/p>\n

"The double separation is what we have to reconstruct: the separation between
\nhumans<\/b> and nonhumans<\/b> on the one hand, and between what happens
\n‘above’<\/b> and ‘below’ <\/b>on the other" (13).<\/p>\n

"No science<\/b> can exit from the network<\/b> of its practice<\/b>"
\n(24).<\/p>\n

"In other words, they are inventing our modern world, a world in which the
\nrepresentation of things through the intermediary of the laboratory<\/b> is
\nforever dissociated<\/b> from the representation of citizens<\/b> through
\nthe intermediary of the social contract" (27).<\/p>\n

"Here likes the entire modern paradox. If we consider hybrids<\/b>, we are
\ndealing only with mixtures of nature and culture; if we consider the work of
\npurification<\/b>, we confront a total separation between nature and culture"
\n(30).<\/p>\n

"A nonmodern<\/b> is anyone who takes simultaneously into account the
\nmoderns’ Constitution and the populations of hybrids that that Constitution
\nrejects and allows to proliferate" (47). <\/p>\n

"The antimoderns<\/b>, like the postmoderns<\/b>, have accepted their
\nadversaries’ playing field. Another field–much broader, much less
\npolemical–has opened up before us: the field of nonmodern worlds<\/b>.
\nIt is the Middle Kingdom, as vast as China and as little known" (48).<\/p>\n

"How did the modern manage to specify and cancel out the work of mediation
\nboth at once? By conceiving of every hybrid<\/b> as a mixture of two
\npure forms<\/b><\/i>" (78). <\/p>\n

"In following the pump, do we have to pretend that everything is rhetorical,
\nor that everything is natural, or that everything is socially constructed, or
\nthat everything is stamped and stocked?" (89).<\/p>\n

"By learning of Archimedes’ coup (or rather, Plutarch’s) we identify the
\nentry point of a new type of nonhuman<\/b> into the very fabric of the
\ncollective<\/b>" (111).<\/p>\n

"The two extremes, local<\/b> and global<\/b>, are much less
\ninteresting<\/b> than the intermediary arrangements that we are calling
\nnetworks<\/b>" (122).<\/p>\n

"So the strength of the error<\/b> that the modern world makes about itself
\nis not understandable, when the two couples of opposition are paired: in the
\nmiddle there is nothing thinkable–no collective, no network, no mediation; all
\nconceptual resources are accumulated at the extremes. We poor subject-objects<\/b>,
\nwe humble societies-natures, we modest locals-globals, are literally
\nquartered among ontological regions<\/b> that define each other mutually but no
\nlonger resemble our practices" (123). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 4<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1993.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[175],"tags":[1456,1460,1457,1461,1462,404,405,182,232,1463,1464,1458,1459,488,1465,1451,1466,1327,1467,1468,1348,257,1469,1430,909,1171,1470,1471,1472,493,359,963,1473,1474,917,1475,1476],"class_list":["post-7063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toolsinuse","tag-1456","tag-anthropology","tag-boyle","tag-collective","tag-constitution","tag-context","tag-culture","tag-dialectic","tag-discourse","tag-doxa","tag-dualism","tag-haraway","tag-hobbes","tag-hybrids","tag-imbroglios","tag-immanence","tag-intermediary","tag-mediation","tag-mediator","tag-modern","tag-nature","tag-networks","tag-nonhumans","tag-object","tag-politics","tag-postmodernism","tag-premoderns","tag-purification","tag-relativism","tag-revolution","tag-scale","tag-science","tag-size","tag-society","tag-subject","tag-transcendence","tag-translation"],"yoast_head":"\nLatour, We Have Never Been Modern - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/10\/29\/latour-we-have-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Latour, We Have Never Been Modern - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 4 minsLatour, Bruno. 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Drawing on a couple of geography resources, I brush the term in two\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Dissertation"","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7086,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/03\/08\/provisional-bib\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":3},"title":"Provisional Bibliography","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"March 8, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Below the fold, a provisional bibliography for the dissertation prospectus. Anderson, Chris. The Long Tail. New York: Hyperion, 2006. Ball, Philip. Critical Mass. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004. Barabasi, Alberto-Laszlo. Linked. New York: Perseus, 2002. Bazerman, Charles. \"A Relationship between Reading and Writing: The Conversational Model.\" College English\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Dissertation"","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6813,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/22\/chreod-alignmen\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":4},"title":"Chreod: Alignment of Set-ups","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 22, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Reading more than writing today, I planned to get down notes on another run through Porter, Sullivan, et. al.'s \"Institutional Critique,\" (re: my own little life raft in postmodern geography) the same for Richards' short piece on \"The Resourcefulness of Words,\" from Speculative Instruments (re: wandering resourcefulness, another spatial, and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Networks"","block_context":{"text":"Networks","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/networkacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6815,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2007\/08\/24\/moon-green-chee\/","url_meta":{"origin":7063,"position":5},"title":"Moon: Green Cheese","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 24, 2007","format":false,"excerpt":"Whether or not the moon is made of green cheese is of no concern to my dissertation. Because I make other claims, however, Latour's account of the performance of statements and things in Science in Action (1987) applies: [W]e have to remember our first principle: the fate of a statement\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Dissertation"","block_context":{"text":"Dissertation","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/dissertation\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7063"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7063\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}