{"id":6129,"date":"2004-07-15T17:02:24","date_gmt":"2004-07-15T17:02:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2004\/07\/15\/mortensenkirsch\/"},"modified":"2004-07-15T17:02:24","modified_gmt":"2004-07-15T17:02:24","slug":"mortensenkirsch","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2004\/07\/15\/mortensenkirsch\/","title":{"rendered":"Mortensen\/Kirsch, 1994, “Authority”"},"content":{"rendered":"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 5<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span>

 Mortensen,
\nPeter and Gesa Kirsch. "On Authority in the Study of Writing.” On Writing Research: The Braddock Essays, 1975-1998<\/i>.
\nEd. Lisa Ede. New York: Bedford St. Martin’s, 1999. 321-335. <\/p>\n

Big Idea
\n<\/b>Clearly enough, Mortensen and Kirsch set out to complicate conceptions of
\nauthority<\/i> beyond the autonomous, paternalistic, heavy-handed sort long
\nunderstood to be the source of oppression, as in a hegemony of control and
\norder.  This essay emphasizes the role of ethics<\/i> and care<\/i> in
\ncontextualized authority systems, where power is understood through community
\nassimilation and distrust of autonomous authoritative forces are out in the
\nopen.  Mortensen and Kirsch urge a shift away from long-accepted connotations of authority
\nas the continuation of autonomous and paternalistic legacies. 
\nMore complex variations of authority look at knowledge sources as contextual,
\nassumable, provisional, situated (or locally distributed), and ethical.  By
\nturning to feminist critique, the essay seeks to loosen and re-associate the
\nsignificance of authority in relationship to discourse<\/i>, power<\/i>, and
\ncommunity<\/i>, the buzzwords of the 90’s
\nin writing and rhetoric.<\/p>\n

Wondering About
\n<\/b>"On Authority in the Study of Writing" leads with a note about Barthes and
\ndead authors, followed by mention of modernity’s unraveling of authorship
\nresulting in language<\/i> re-styling English Studies, followed by the
\nquestion, "How are we to account for the theoretical erasure of the authority
\nthat constitutes the writers–the authors–we face every day in our composition
\nclassrooms?".  Authors are dead; authority is dead.  Right?  That’s
\nthe linch pin for Mortensen and Kirsch, since authority is alive and well. 
\nBut where?  They’re certainly not faulting Barthes for his excise of
\nauthors; in fact, his move gave us good cause to look at all of the other,
\nperhaps more complex manifestations of authority, various forms wrapped in
\npower, discourse, and community dynamics.  I’d say this essay does a
\nterrific job of sizing up those forms, pointing them out, and reminding me that
\nthey aren’t all evil (which is often my suspicion).  In fact, M&K’s answer
\nto the question is that there are at least two predominant perspectives on
\nauthority–assimilation and resistance–and we (with our students) ought to know
\nboth of them as well as other, subtler forms.<\/p>\n

I’m not ready to answer M&K’s question about "theoretical erasure" because
\nI’d prefer to ask it just a bit differently, replacing "erasure," I think, with
\n"complexity."  Of course this kind of critique can give way to endless
\ntinkering.  I won’t do that.  But just this one turn–complexity<\/i>
\nrather than erasure<\/i>–would allow the question to point out what I think this essay does. 
\nOld, autonomous authority isn’t dead; it’s just buried (read: nested, resting). 
\nAnd maybe we should be just as distrusting of new authority (contextual,
\nassumable, provisional, situated, ethical) because it’s more elusive, harder to
\nknow, but potentially as controlling, power-wielding, and uncaring. 
\nPotentially.  And then "how are we to account for the theoretical [complexity<\/i>]
\nof the authority that constitutes the writers–the authors–we face every day in
\nour composition classrooms?".  Rhetoric: running the range of persuasive,
\neffective, compelling postures in variously authority-laden situations.  <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

In differentiating cognitivist views of writing as situated between the "twin
\nseats" of the "individual mind and the autonomous text" and social views of
\nwriting as co-constructions of knowledge, M&K’s essay makes some interesting
\nsuggestions about the place(s) we often locate authority.  Whatever the
\nperspective, cognitivist and social approaches to writing struggle with embodied
\nauthority–in the unified mind-strength, the tome, or the community.  One
\nanswer is to turn toward foundationalist\/anti-foundationalist binaries and Pat
\nBizzell’s contention that, "using gender as a lens," we can re-vise models of
\nautonomous authority. <\/p>\n

Other interesting bits: reference to John Trimbur on disensus<\/i> (324)
\nand Bakhtin on centrifugal<\/i> (gravitational, centering) and centripetal<\/i>
\n(agitational, radiant) forces and "internally persuasive discourse" as "the
\nconstellation of voices we appropriate as we learn how to differentiate
\nourselves as individuals in a particular social setting (326).<\/p>\n

As I read Mortensen and Kirsch’s article, I had Milgram’s Obedience to
\nAuthority<\/i> on my mind, too.  See, I read through the bulk of his study
\non subjects, teachers, shock distribution, the agentic state and so on back in
\nMarch or thereabouts, but I left off at chapter twelve, "Strain and
\nDisobedience."  Picked it back up the other day, and in c.12, Milgram says,<\/p>\n

Theoretically, strain is likely to arise whenever an entity that can
\n function autonomously is brought into a hierarchy, because the design
\n requirements of an autonomous unit are quite different from those of a
\n component specifically and uniquely designed for systemic functioning. 
\n Men can function on their own or, through the assumption of roles, merge into
\n larger systems.  But the very fact of dual capacities requires a design
\n compromise.  We are not perfectly tailored for complete autonomy, nor for
\n total submission.
\n     Of course, any sophisticated entity designed to
\n function both autonomously and within hierarchical systems will have
\n mechanisms for the resolution of strain, for unless such resolving mechanisms
\n exist the system is bound to break down posthaste. (153)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The characterization of human systems as designed<\/i> and autonomous<\/i>
\nreverberates with a kind of gross, mechanistic industrialism.  And
\nMilgram’s work on strain resolution reads like a self-help checklist.  But
\nit’s useful, I think, to consider the blend of authority with strain, to wonder
\nabout what authority does and how authority does it, and to reflect on what it
\nmeans for design compromise<\/i> to figure into this.  Is it more than
\nobedience?  We have an entire pharmaceutical industry getting filthy rich
\non "mechanisms for the resolution of strain."  It’s also interesting to
\nthink about this in the context of the hot potato of suspended accountability
\nrelated to the WMD reports.  An authoritative intelligence community
\nabsorbs the nebulous charge of failure (spread around air-thin), the CIA
\ndirector takes a bounce, the community’s reputation undergoes strain followed by
\na new call for diligence and obedience, and everything is fixed.  When
\nauthority belongs to a community (particularly an inexact, classified
\ncommunity), the "design compromise" involves a rhetorical shift of dispersion
\nwhich basically amounts to a vanishing act.  [Please forgive this
\ndizzy-making; I’m reluctantly posting it to EWM, but these are mostly rough notes to
\nmyself.]<\/p>\n

Passages
\n<\/b>"How are we to account for the theoretical erasure of the authority
\nthat constitutes the writer–the authors–we face every day in our composition
\nclassrooms?" (321). <\/p>\n

"So alive or dead, functional or not, the concept of authority is very
\nmuch with us.  Or perhaps we should speak of concepts<\/i> of authority,
\nconcepts that we might array from the most contingent to the most
\ndetermined" (321). <\/p>\n

"Among these limits is a tendency to objectify authority, to cast it as
\nsomething fixed and autonomous<\/i> that writers or writing can possess. 
\nWe propose, instead, a dialogic model of authority, one which infuses authority
\nwith ethics<\/i>" (322). <\/p>\n

"Models of autonomous authority presuppose that discourse communities
\nfunction largely as egalitarian forums" (322). <\/p>\n

"For Bakhtin, communities always contain forces contending oppositely
\nfor stasis and change (270-72). On the one hand, community members maintain a
\npredictable state of affairs through acts of accommodation.  That is, for
\nthe sake of mutual benefit, people accept the conventions which constitute
\nauthorized ways of doing things in the community–like interpreting
\ndiscourse" (325). <\/p>\n

"We entertain this discussion of care and authority not because we see
\nit as a simple or even necessary approach to interrogating authority, but
\nbecause it provides a heuristic for thinking through alternative ways of
\nreconceptualizing authority.  Yet unlike authority, care can never be fully
\nautonomous, autonomous care being essentially narcissism. Rather, care inheres
\nin relations between people and, therefore, assumes community as its first
\ndomain" (330). <\/p>\n

"Rather than understanding authority as stemming from a totalizing
\nimpulse, then, it becomes a phenomenon knowable only in context, as it
\ncontinually constitutes (and is constituted by) particular communities"
\n(331). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u23f3 Approximate reading time: <\/span> 5<\/span> mins<\/span><\/span> Mortensen, Peter and Gesa Kirsch. "On Authority in the Study of Writing.” On Writing Research: The Braddock Essays, 1975-1998. Ed. Lisa Ede. New York: Bedford St. Martin’s, 1999. 321-335. Big Idea Clearly enough, Mortensen and Kirsch set out to complicate conceptions of authority beyond the autonomous, paternalistic, heavy-handed sort long understood to be the source…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[167],"tags":[1854,266,267,200,179,185],"class_list":["post-6129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-reading_notes","tag-agentic-shift","tag-authority","tag-autonomy","tag-braddock","tag-milgram","tag-rhetoric"],"yoast_head":"\nMortensen\/Kirsch, 1994, "Authority" - Earth Wide Moth<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2004\/07\/15\/mortensenkirsch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mortensen\/Kirsch, 1994, "Authority" - Earth Wide Moth\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u23f3 Approximate reading time: 5 mins Mortensen, Peter and Gesa Kirsch. "On Authority in the Study of Writing.” On Writing Research: The Braddock Essays, 1975-1998. Ed. Lisa Ede. New York: Bedford St. Martin’s, 1999. 321-335. 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Big Idea Braddock's essay on the placement and patterns of topic sentences exposes a problem of referring students to mythic truths--affirmed in popular textbooks\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Reading Notes"","block_context":{"text":"Reading Notes","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/reading_notes\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":6462,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2005\/12\/06\/the-making-of\/","url_meta":{"origin":6129,"position":2},"title":"The Making of…","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"December 6, 2005","format":false,"excerpt":"Coming back to a passage from Manovich that winked at me when I read it last week: A visible sign of this shift is the new role that computer-generated special effects have come to play in the Hollywood industry in the 1990s.\u00a0 Many blockbusters have been driven by special effects;\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Methods"","block_context":{"text":"Methods","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/method\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7017,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2006\/08\/23\/hiatt-the-femin-1\/","url_meta":{"origin":6129,"position":3},"title":"Hiatt, “The Feminine Style”","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"August 23, 2006","format":false,"excerpt":"Hiatt, Mary P. \"The Feminine Style: Theory and Fact.\" 1978. On Writing Research: The Braddock Essays 1975-1998. Ed. Lisa Ede. New York: Bedford St. Martin's, 1999. 77-83. Hiatt's 1979 Braddock essay begins with a question about pattern and style in large batches of text: Is mass style observable? Hiatt pursues\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Writing Technologies"","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7122,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2008\/02\/01\/kremers-sharing\/","url_meta":{"origin":6129,"position":4},"title":"Kremers, “Sharing Authority on a Synchronous Network”","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"February 1, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"Kremers, Marshall. \"Sharing Authority on a Synchronous Network: The Case for Riding the Beast.\" Computers and Composition 7 (April 1990; Special issue): 33-44. <http:\/\/computersandcomposition.osu.edu\/archives\/v7\/7_spec_html\/7_spec_2_Kremers.html> Kremers examines different manners of teacher-presence in synchronous chats using ENFI (Electronic Networks For Interaction), an early multi-user LAN messaging client. How can the live chatroom\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Networks"","block_context":{"text":"Networks","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/networkacy\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":7123,"url":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/2008\/02\/05\/george-taking-w\/","url_meta":{"origin":6129,"position":5},"title":"George, “Taking Women Professors Seriously”","author":"Derek Mueller","date":"February 5, 2008","format":false,"excerpt":"George, E. Laurie. \"Taking Women Professors Seriously: Female Authority in the Computerized Classroom.\" Computers and Composition 7 (April 1990; Special issue): 45-52. <http:\/\/computersandcomposition.osu.edu\/archives\/v7\/7_spec_html\/7_spec_3_George.html> George attempts to reconcile the principles of feminist pedagogy promoted by Adrienne Rich in her 1979 article, \"Taking Women Students Seriously,\" with the tensions she experiences when\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Writing Technologies"","block_context":{"text":"Writing Technologies","link":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/category\/writing_technol\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6129"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6129\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.earthwidemoth.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}